Journal of Physical Activity and Hormones
Volume:2 Issue: 3, Summer 2018

Macrophages and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) have been verified playing vital roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The role of exercise intensity in circulating ox-LDL is not clearly understood in obesity and it is not well known which exercise intensity is needed to ox-LDL reductions in response to endurance training. Thus the purpose of this study was to comparison the effect of regular high-intensity vs. moderate-intensity exercise on ox-LDL in obese men.

Twenty four sedentary obese men (aged: 41.0 ± 5.9 years and BMI: 31.1 ± 3.4 kg/m2; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) group (n=8), high-intensity exercise (HIE) group (n=8) or control group (n=8). The subjects in MIE group walked 2 miles in 30 minutes on a treadmill on 4 days per week for 12 weeks according to the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American College of Sports Medicine; however, the subjects in the HIE group performed endurance training 4 days a week for 12 weeks at an intensity corresponding to 75-80% individual heart rate reserve (HRR) for 45 min.

The results showed that total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and LDL were decreased and HDL increased after MIE and HIE (P<0.05). ox-LDL concentration was decreased only after HIE. For TC and HDL significant differences were observed between MIE group and HIE group (P<0.05).

The results suggest that although lipid profile of obese men improves after regular moderate and high-intensity exercise, ox-LDL levels decreases only after regular high-intensity exercise.

It has been hypothesized that markers of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) induced by eccentric training could be decreased by supplementing subjects with vitamin E. Hence, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of vitamin E supplementation on DOMS indexes.

Twenty healthy male age 19 to 27 years participated as subjects in this study. The subjects were assigned to either a supplemental (400 IU of vitamin E per day for one month; n=10 and 22.4 ± 2.5 years of age) or a placebo group (n=10 and 22.7 ± 2.7 years of age) using a double-blind research design. peak power (PP) of Lower body, perceived pain, serum activity of the enzyme creatine kinase (CK) and C reactive protein (CRP) were taken before, immediately and 48 hours after the eccentric exercise.

The results indicated that perceived pain and serum levels of CK and CRP increased and PP of Lower body decreased significantly immediately after eccentric exercise in the both groups and these changes to be continued until 48 h after the intervention. No significant differences were observed between supplemental and placebo group during the study.

In conclusion, vitamin E supplementation had no effect in ameliorating markers of DOMS induced by eccentric exercise. Further studies are needed to examine the effects of vitamin E supplementation on DOMS induced by eccentric exercise.

Pancreatic β-cells function and insulin sensitivity resistance were impaired in type 2 diabetes. The effect of lifestyle activity modification (LAM) on these parameters is unclear. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks LAM on pancreatic β-cells function and insulin resistance in middle aged men with insulin resistance.

Sixteen obese and overweight middle aged men (age, 35-50 years) with insulin resistance participated in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to LAM group (n=8) or control group (n=8). The subjects in LAM group walked 2 miles in 30 minutes on a treadmill on 4 days per week for 12 weeks according to the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American College of Sports Medicine.

The results indicated that fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin and insulin resistance index decreased and pancreatic β-cells function increased significantly after the intervention.

In summary, it seems that LAM improves insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cells function in obese men with insulin resistance.

Carbohydrate supplement intake might change exercise induced-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1); however it is not well known. The purpose of the present study was to determine exercise induced-changes in IGF-1 following fasting compared to glucose administration.

Eleven non-athletes healthy men (aged: 21.0 ± 2.1 years; body mass index (BMI): 22.6 ± 3.3 kg/m2; mean ± SD) were participated in this study as the subject. At the first week, the subjects were consumed 1 g/kg body weight of glucose in 200 mL water 30 min prior to exercise (hyperglycemia condition) and subsequently walked on a treadmill at 50% of heart rate reserve (HRR) for 60 min. Glucose and IGF-1 levels were measured at baseline, immediately and 30 min after the exercise. After a week, the subjects were performed the same exercise after at least 14 h of fasting (hypoglycemia condition) and glucose and IGF-1 levels were measured at the same times of the first week.

The results showed that glucose levels were higher in hyperglycemia condition than hypoglycemia condition (P<0.05). Glucose level was decreased by 54.8% after the exercise but it was higher than the baseline until 30 min after the exercise (P<0.05). The results, also indicated that IGF-1 level had no significant changes after the exercise at both of hypo and hyperglycemia conditions and no significant differences were observed during blood sampling between hypo and hyperglycemia conditions.

In conclusion, it seems that exercise in hypo or hyperglycemia conditions had no significant effect on IGF-1 levels.

Pathway apelin/APJ is one of the positive powerful inotropic substances which is an important regulator of cardiovascular operation and a significant factor in cardiovascular tissue. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks high intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous Training on apelin levels of cardiac tissue in healthy male rats.

In this research, 30 Wistar 2-month male rats were chosen with average weight 180 ± 20 gr and randomly divided into 3 groups: continuous training (n=10), HIIT (n=10) or control group (n=10). Continuous training and HIIT groups have been engaged in exercising according training program in five days a week for 8 weeks. For the comparison among the groups, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed.

No significant differences were observed in apelin levels between continuous training, HIIT and control group (P=0.29).

According the results of this study, both exercises increased the apelin levels in heart; however this increase was not significant. It seems that the response of this hormone is different in organs so that it has more limitation in heart tissue than other organs. Therefore, it has been assumed that making noticeable changes in apelin levels of heart required much more time.

Echocardiography and the B-type natriuretic peptides (BNPs) provide powerful incremental assessment of cardiac function, clinical status, and outcome across the spectrum of cardiac disease. Although the previous studies demonstrated the relationships between BNP levels and cardiac structure and function in heart failure patients, but these relationships in athletes are not well known. The present study was conducted to examine the relationships between BNP levels with cardiac structure and function in resistance-trained athletes.

Fifteen resistance-trained male athletes (aged: 23.0 ± 1.4 years and BMI: 24.1 ± 1.4 kg/m2; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. BNP concentrations were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits and cardiac morphology and function were assessed by echocardiography. Spearman correlation test was used to analyze the relationship between the variables.

The results demonstrated that there were no significant relationships between BNP concentrations with posterior wall thickness of left ventricle at end diastole (PWTLV) (r = ‒ 0.35 , P = 0.1), interventricular septal (r = ‒ 0.25 , P = 0.3), aorta (r = 0.07 , P = 0.8) and pulmonary artery (r = ‒ 0.06 , P = 0.8) diameter, diastolic left ventricle internal dimension (DLVID) (r = ‒ 0.33 , P = 0.2), systolic left ventricle internal dimension (SLVID) (r = 0.2 , P = 0.4), left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) (r = 0.21 , P = 0.4), left ventricle end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) (r = ‒ 0.23 , P = 0.4) and left ventricle end-systolic volume (LVESV) (r = ‒ 0.23 , P = 0.4).

In conclusion, BNP concentration is not a powerful predictor for cardiac structure and function in resistance-trained athletes